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<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:"Century Gothic",sans-serif;color:#1F4E79">Examining the new ecosystems of access that are emerging in middle- and low-income countries as opportunities for higher education expand but funding for
 materials shrinks. Even as middle- and low-income countries expand their higher education systems, their governments are retreating from responsibility for funding and managing this expansion. The public provision of educational materials in these contexts
 is rare; instead, libraries, faculty, and students are on their own to get what they need. Shadow Libraries explores the new ecosystem of access, charting the flow of educational and research materials from authors to publishers to libraries to students, and
 from comparatively rich universities to poorer ones. In countries from Russia to Brazil, the weakness of formal models of access was countered by the growth of informal ones. By the early 2000s, the principal form of access to materials was informal copying
 and sharing. Since then, such unauthorized archives as Libgen, Gigapedia, and Sci-Hub have become global "shadow libraries," with massive aggregations of downloadable scholarly materials. The chapters consider experiments with access in a range of middle-
 and low-income countries, describing, among other things, the Russian samizdat tradition and the connection of illicit copying to resistance to oppression; BiblioFyL, an online archive built by students at the University of Buenos Aires; education policy and
 the daily practices of students in post-Apartheid South Africa; the politics of access in India; and copy culture in Brazil. Contributors Balazs Bodo, Laura Czerniewicz, Miroslaw Filiciak, Mariana Fossatti, Jorge Gemetto, Eve Gray, Evelin Heidel, Joe Karaganis,
 Lawrence Liang, Pedro Mizukami, Jhessica Reia, Alek Tarkowski<o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:"Century Gothic",sans-serif;color:#1F4E79"><a href="https://mitpress.mit.edu/books/shadow-libraries">https://mitpress.mit.edu/books/shadow-libraries</a>
<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:"Century Gothic",sans-serif;color:#1F4E79"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background:white"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:"Century Gothic",sans-serif;color:#1F497D;mso-fareast-language:EN-ZA">Dr Leti Kleyn</span></b><span style="color:#1F4E79;mso-fareast-language:EN-ZA"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background:white"><span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:"Century Gothic",sans-serif;color:#1F497D;mso-fareast-language:EN-ZA">Programme Officer: Humanities & STEM Education</span><span style="color:#1F4E79;mso-fareast-language:EN-ZA"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background:white"><span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:"Century Gothic",sans-serif;color:#1F497D;mso-fareast-language:EN-ZA">Science Advisory Programme</span><span style="color:#1F4E79;mso-fareast-language:EN-ZA"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background:white"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:"Century Gothic",sans-serif;color:#1F497D;mso-fareast-language:EN-ZA"> </span><span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:"Century Gothic",sans-serif;color:#1F497D;mso-fareast-language:EN-ZA"><img border="0" width="184" height="75" id="Picture_x0020_1" src="cid:image001.jpg@01D3E858.275DA150" alt="cid:image002.jpg@01D3D561.C8D9D760"></span><span style="color:#1F4E79;mso-fareast-language:EN-ZA"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background:white"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:9.0pt;font-family:"Century Gothic",sans-serif;color:#1F497D;mso-fareast-language:EN-ZA"> </span><span style="color:#1F4E79;mso-fareast-language:EN-ZA"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background:white"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:9.0pt;font-family:"Century Gothic",sans-serif;color:#1F497D;mso-fareast-language:EN-ZA">Office Switchboard Tel: <a href="tel:+27%2012%20349%206600" target="_blank"><span style="color:#1155CC">+27
 12 349 6600</span></a></span><span style="color:#1F4E79;mso-fareast-language:EN-ZA"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background:white"><span style="font-size:9.0pt;font-family:"Century Gothic",sans-serif;color:#1F497D;mso-fareast-language:EN-ZA">Tel: </span><u><span style="font-size:9.0pt;font-family:"Century Gothic",sans-serif;color:#1155CC;mso-fareast-language:EN-ZA">+27
 12 349 6651</span></u><span style="color:#1F4E79;mso-fareast-language:EN-ZA"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background:white"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:9.0pt;font-family:"Century Gothic",sans-serif;color:#1F497D;background:white;mso-fareast-language:EN-ZA">Fax: +27 </span><span style="font-size:9.0pt;font-family:"Century Gothic",sans-serif;color:#1F497D;mso-fareast-language:EN-ZA">086
 4155703</span><span style="color:#1F4E79;mso-fareast-language:EN-ZA"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background:white"><span style="font-size:9.0pt;font-family:"Century Gothic",sans-serif;color:#1F497D;mso-fareast-language:EN-ZA">Cell: </span><u><span style="font-size:9.0pt;font-family:"Century Gothic",sans-serif;color:#1155CC;mso-fareast-language:EN-ZA">+27
 82 347 9982</span></u><span style="color:#1F4E79;mso-fareast-language:EN-ZA"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background:white"><span style="font-size:9.0pt;font-family:"Century Gothic",sans-serif;color:#1F497D;mso-fareast-language:EN-ZA">Email: </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:9.0pt;font-family:"Century Gothic",sans-serif;color:#1F497D;mso-fareast-language:EN-ZA"> </span><u><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:9.0pt;font-family:"Century Gothic",sans-serif;color:#1155CC;background:white;mso-fareast-language:EN-ZA"><a href="mailto:leti@assaf.org.za" target="_blank"><span style="color:#0563C1">leti@assaf.org.za</span></a></span></u><span style="color:#1F4E79;mso-fareast-language:EN-ZA"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background:white"><span style="font-size:9.0pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;color:#222222;mso-fareast-language:EN-ZA"> </span><span style="color:#1F4E79;mso-fareast-language:EN-ZA"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background:white"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:9.0pt;font-family:"Century Gothic",sans-serif;color:#1F497D;mso-fareast-language:EN-ZA">1st Floor Block A, The Woods,
<a href="https://maps.google.com/?q=41+De+Havilland+Crescent&entry=gmail&source=g" target="_blank">
<span style="color:blue">41 De Havilland Crescent</span></a>,</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:9.0pt;font-family:"Century Gothic",sans-serif;color:#1F497D;mso-fareast-language:EN-ZA"> </span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:9.0pt;font-family:"Century Gothic",sans-serif;color:#44546A;mso-fareast-language:EN-ZA">Persequor</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:9.0pt;font-family:"Century Gothic",sans-serif;color:#1F497D;mso-fareast-language:EN-ZA">
 Park</span><span style="color:#1F4E79;mso-fareast-language:EN-ZA"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background:white"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:9.0pt;font-family:"Century Gothic",sans-serif;color:#1F497D;mso-fareast-language:EN-ZA">Meiring Naudé Road,</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:9.0pt;font-family:"Century Gothic",sans-serif;color:#1F497D;mso-fareast-language:EN-ZA"> </span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:9.0pt;font-family:"Century Gothic",sans-serif;color:#1F497D;mso-fareast-language:EN-ZA">Lynnwood
 0020,</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:9.0pt;font-family:"Century Gothic",sans-serif;color:#1F497D;mso-fareast-language:EN-ZA"> </span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:9.0pt;font-family:"Century Gothic",sans-serif;color:#1F497D;mso-fareast-language:EN-ZA">Pretoria,
 South Africa.</span><span style="color:#1F4E79;mso-fareast-language:EN-ZA"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background:white"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:9.0pt;font-family:"Century Gothic",sans-serif;color:#1F497D;mso-fareast-language:EN-ZA">PO Box 72135,</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:9.0pt;font-family:"Century Gothic",sans-serif;color:#1F497D;mso-fareast-language:EN-ZA"> </span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:9.0pt;font-family:"Century Gothic",sans-serif;color:#1F497D;mso-fareast-language:EN-ZA">Lynnwood
 Ridge 0040,</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:9.0pt;font-family:"Century Gothic",sans-serif;color:#1F497D;mso-fareast-language:EN-ZA"> </span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:9.0pt;font-family:"Century Gothic",sans-serif;color:#1F497D;mso-fareast-language:EN-ZA">Pretoria,</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:9.0pt;font-family:"Century Gothic",sans-serif;color:#1F497D;mso-fareast-language:EN-ZA"> </span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:9.0pt;font-family:"Century Gothic",sans-serif;color:#1F497D;mso-fareast-language:EN-ZA">South
 Africa.</span><span style="color:#1F4E79;mso-fareast-language:EN-ZA"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:9.0pt;font-family:"Century Gothic",sans-serif;color:#1F497D;mso-fareast-language:EN-ZA">Website: </span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:9.0pt;font-family:"Century Gothic",sans-serif;color:#0000CC;mso-fareast-language:EN-ZA"><a href="http://www.assaf.org.za/" target="_blank"><span style="color:#0000CC">www.assaf.org.za</span></a></span><span style="color:#44546A;mso-fareast-language:EN-ZA"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color:#1F4E79;mso-fareast-language:EN-ZA"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p>
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 any legal right. Therefore, the company will not take any liability for such statements included in emails. In case of any damages or other liabilities arising, employees are fully responsible for the content of their emails.
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